Microfossils with tail-like structures in the 3.4 Gyr old Strelley Pool Formation

A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life.

The rock record provides us with unique evidence for testing models as to when and where cellular life first appeared on Earth. Its study, however, requires caution. The biogenicity of stromatolites and 'microfossils' older than 3.0 Gyr should not be accepted without critical analysis of morphospace and context, using multiple modern techniques, plus rejection of alternative non-biological (nul...

Microfossils of sulphur-metabolizing cells in 3.4-billion-year-old rocks of Western Australia

Sulphur isotope data from early Archaean rocks suggest that microbes with metabolisms based on sulphur existed almost 3.5 billion years ago, leading to suggestions that the earliest microbial ecosystems were sulphur-based1–5. However, morphological evidence for these sulphur-metabolizing bacteria has been elusive. Here we report the presence of microstructures from the 3.4-billion-year-old Stre...

Formation of Large Structures in the Acceleration Universe with a Hybrid Expansion Law

In the current paper, we have studied the effect of dark energy on for-mation where dark energy exists in the background. For this purpose, we used both WMAP9 and Planck data to study how the radius changes with redshift in these mod-els. We used different data sets to fix the cosmological parameters to obtain a solution for a spherical region under collapse. The mechanism of structure formation f...

Microfossils and the Depositional Environment of the Gunflint Iron Formation

P-34: Expression of Toll-like Receptor2-3 Genes in Sertoli Cells of Patients with Azoospermia

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a major part of innate immunity, which can distinguish pathogen associate molecular pattern. Sertoli cells create a special immunological niche that protects somniferous tubules from auto antigens and pathogens. These cells are the only somatic cells in somniferous that protect testis cells against pathogens. The purpose of this study was to eva...